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Jessica Lozier Payne's 

Letters 



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^©J FHE EAGLE LIBRARY 







% 







i 



WHAT I SAW 
IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



BY 



JESSICA LOZIER PAYNE 



OFFICE OF PUBLICATION 1 

EAGLE BUILDING, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK 

Entered at the Brooklyn-New York Postoffice as second-class matter. Vol. XXXI, No. 8, 
of The Eagle Library, Serial No. 199. Nov., 1916. Trademark, "Eagle Library." 
registered. Issued monthly except January. June and August. Yearly subscription, $1.50. 



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7^35" 



The Eagle Library-WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND i^D FRANCE 



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" 'dec iTiaif ' ' ' 




DEC II 1916 

The Eagle Library. 



WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



By JESSICA LOZIER PAYNE 



lilra. Je.tsica Zozier Payne is u^ell-TcHOwn flirortgh her interesting '^Current Topics'* talTcs. She has traveled 
eactensifcly and is tvell posted on H^hat is going on in the world, in her "talks'* and writings she shotvs a broad 
conijtrehcnsion of the large elements involved in the tvorltl's news and site has the ability, to explain them in 
clear* crisp and precise statentcnts. in the following letters written for The Eagle Ulrs, Payne shows she has 
made a stmly of the psychology of the people and has obtained the point of view of high authorities as well as 
that of the htitnblest citizen. 



Every American Regarded as a Spy Until Proof 
Is Given to Contrary 



The difficulties of travel in Europe 
In war times are' apparent as soon as 
your steamer docks. An alien officer 
closely examines your papers and puts 
a good many searching questions to 
you before you are permitted to put 
foot on shore, and it is not unusual 
for steamers arriving at Liverpool to 
have to board and lodge until their 
return trip unfortunate passengers 
■who have not been able to convince 
the British authorities that their busi- 
ness is urgent and harmless, and that 
they are persona grata. 

An official explained to me that un- 
less a traveler were particularly de- 
sirable his place on a railroad train 
might better be filled by a soldier, and 
the very food he consumes might bet- 
ter be conserved for the use of the 
English people while the country is 
at war. Then, too, there is always 
the suspicion that you might be a spy. 
The police keep track of every move 
made by an alien; you must report 
as soon as you reach a city and give 
the police a day's notice before you 
can leave. 

It was 10 o'clock when I drove up 
to my hotel in Liverpool, and even at 
that hour on Sunday evening T was 
requested to fto to the police station to 
register bofora r could be given a 
room. 

I said to ^^.e police official: "Why 
do you treat me with such suspicion'? 
My papers are straight, my intentions 
are honest and evident, and my busi- 
ness is plain." 

He replied: "Madame, our nrdcr.x 
are to regard every American as a 
German spy until proof is given us to 
the contrary. England has suffered 
so much harm since the beginning of 
the war by her laxness in perm'tting I 
travelers bearing American passport. s 
to have perfect freedom of travel that 
now we are using every precaution to 
protect ourselves." 

"But." 1 said, "after all you have to 
use your judgment and trust to your 



j perception and intuition, for papers 
could be forged and wrong informa- 
tion given, if a person were trying to 
deceive the authorities, and I don't 
look like a spy, do I?" 

"That is just it, the Germans are too 



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~'*seirS 




MRS JESSICA L02:iER PAVME 



clever to employ as a spy anyone who 
looks like one; so you never can tell." 

I found the English police difficult 
enough, but I didn't begin to know 
how impossible a human official could ! 
be until I reached Scotland. I 

Edinburgh is in what they have dcs- [ 
ignatcd as the restricted military area, 
which includes the east and west 
coasts and the nort'nern part of Scot- 



land' above Aberdeen. In this area 
there are more stringent restrictions 
in regard to travel than elsewhere in 
Great Britain. 

By the time I arrived In Edinburgh 
I had accomulated quite a sheaf of 
credentials from the different police 
stations en route, so I felt safe; but 
the Scotch alien officer pushed all 
aside and said: 

"Whaur's your Identity Book?" 

I had to confess that I had none, 
and he gave me a blue covered book 
containing twenty-one questions to be 
filled out and signed by two house- 
holders. This was rather a poser for 
me until I remembered that some- 
where in Edinburgh I must have a 
Consul, and forthwith I hunted him up 
and told him my troubles. His name 
is Rufus Gleming and he is a splendid 
type of American, appointed under 
McKinley and still holding the office, 
which goes to prove that all good Con- 
suls are not changed with changing 
political powers. 

Armed with the Identity Book filled 
out and bearing the consular stamp, I 
returned to the police station, but the 
end was not j-et. 

Reading it cautiously, the officer 
came to a dead halt at question II, 
"Personal Description." Looking se- 
verely at me, he said: "Have you no' 
a mark of identity upon your per- 
son?" 

"'What do you mean?" I asked. 

"Have you no blemish, mole or scar 
to identify you?" 

I could think of nothing but a tiny 
mole upon my right wrist, and this I 
offered hopefully. He scrutinized it 
solemnly and then said: 

"I canha accept it; 'tis too sma.' " 

Much disappointed. I suggested my 
cleft chin, but this he also refused, 
saying, "That's verra common in these 
parr'rts," 

Looking accusingly at me, he said: 
"Whut's that on your cheek?" 

I recalled that blemish, but asked 
him not to take that, since it disap- 
pears when I am not tired. I said: "It 
vanishes like a submarine, you know." 
With great seriousness, he said: 

"No, it's not verra like a submsi» 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



rine." And I remembered too late 
that they were engaged in catching 
Bubmarlnes in, the vicinity of Edin- 
burgh and considered them far from 
being the subject of a Jol<e. To cover 
my embarrassment, I said: "Well, I 
am very sorry, but I cannot mutilate 
myself just to give you a mark of iden- 
tity to write in your book." 



He considered this statement and 
reluctantly agreed with me. Fortu- 
nately 1 remembered a small scar of 
recent date on my wrist, and we com- 
promised on this. It was duly meas- 
ured and described, and I devoutly 
hoped it would stay by me and not 
fade away before I left the land of 
the cautious and canny Scot. 



How England Defends Itself From Zeppelin 

Attacks 



In Great Britain the stieets are prac- 
tically dark at night. The only lights 
are those of an occasional street lamp, 
which wears what thiey call a "war 
bonnet." This is o. tin hood covering 
extending down over the sides of the 
lamps, and below this the lamp itself 
Is painted black and casts only a faint 
glow on the sidewalk directly beneath 
It. 

Street cars and buses glide through 
the prevailing gloom with small bulls- 
eyes of orange, blue or green to in- 
dicate their route; taxis have no head- 
lights, and sinall oil lamp serves to 
show their tariff meter. 

Even the houses are black, not a 
line of light frames the windows. In 
a shop in Edinburgh I .saw a woman 
buying a quantity of rolls of narrow 



I had to jerk it once or twice before 
it would come down to cover the win- 
dow." 

"Was your light turned on before 
the blind was lowered?" 

"Yes, I pushed the electric button 
on entering the room." All her docu- 
ments of identification had to be pro- 
duced, and every point of the situa- 
tion carefully explained before the 
guardian of the law would consent to 
let her off, and only then because It 
was B, first offense. 

In Scotland they go a step further, 
and in the hotel corridors the large 
notices inform the guests that in 
case of an air raid the electric liglits 
will be lowered a few moments before 
being entirely extinguished, in order 
to give guests an opportunity to de- 



gummed paper, like our passepartout j scend to the bomb-proof vaults of the 
binding. I asked her what it was used I cellar. 



for, and she told me that there was a 
heavy fine imposed by the government 
If a ray of light came from the win- 
dows, so if the sliades were not a tight 
fit it was necessary to paste this tap- 
ing on the edges to make them light- 
proof. 

In the hotel bedrooms signs are 
posted in red, "All blinds must be 
securely drawn before the lights are 
turned on. If a window is desired 
open fit night, it must be opened after 
ihe light is turned down. Neglect to 
carry out these precautions will bring ( 
guests within scope of the 'Defense of 
tlie Realm Regulations.' " 

An American friend of mine in a 
London hotel carelessly turned on the 
light of her room before pulling down 
the shades. In a few moments the j 
porter informed her that the police 
wished to speak to her down stairs. 
Descending in trepidation, she found a 
majestic policeman, who mid: 

"Madam, you have been observed 
signaling with the blind from your 
bedroom window — that is an offense 
punishable with fine and imprison- 
ment." 

"But," said she, 'T am an American 
citizen, find a stranger In town, and 
I hfiven't been signaling to anyone. I 
lemember that the shade did stick, and 



Great Britain protects herself from 
invasion at night by great searchlights 



that sweep the heavens, and by a large 
fleet of observation aeroplanes and bal- 
loons. If an attacking group of Zeppe- 
lins should be seen flying at high alti- 
tude to escape the defending airships, 
warning is sent by wireless to the 
threatened region. 

In the towns and cities certain pre- 
arranged signals are then given by 
sirens and fire bells, and the inhabitants 
are supposed to seek safety in their 
bomb-proof cellars. As a matter of 
fact, they do no such thing, but as soon 
ns the coming of the Zeppelins is an- 
nounced they flock out in the streets 
in hastily assumed costumes and stare 
up at the sky with as keen an Interest 
as though it were some specially pre- 
pared fireworks for their amusement. 
Scotland, being just across from Ger- 
many, or. rather from Helgoland, 
which is the great Zeppelin base, at- 
tacks from Zeppelins are matters of 
frequency, happening every week or 
two, but small damage has resulted, 
and a surprisingly small loss of life. 
Friends of mine who have a summer 
home near North Berwick, on the coast, 
have had their golf course torn up 
several times by the "Zepps," and a 
few rabbits and sheep were killed, but 
no bomb has struck the house or caused 
any loss of life in their neighborhood. 

In Edinburgh no signs of destruction 
were visible. I saw one building, a 
brewery in the suburbs, at Grafton, 
that had been set on fire and destroyed 
as the effect of a raid, but nothing In 
the city itself. 



War Finds New Occupations for Women 



Women are entering lines of indus- 
try that were not open to them before 
the war. Everywliere in Great Britain 
they are doin.T work which formerly 
was done only by men. In Edinburgh 
you are struck at once by the novelty 
of women conductors on the trams 
and buses. 

done only by picn. In Edinburgh you 
are struck at once by the novelty of 
women conductors on the trams and 
buses. 

They are generally young girls and 
look very neat and trim in a blue 
serge uniform and cap with red pip- 
ings. The coat is a plaited Norfolk 
with outside pockets, and they carry 
a money bag of leather suspended 
from the shoulder and around the 
neck is hung a metal coin holder. 
They seem much impressed with their 
semi-ofhcial position and are verj' 
quick and aJert, and especially ob- 
servant of all the "safety first" pre- 
cautions in mounting or leaving the 
car. 



The postmen are sturdy young 
women and seemed quite equal to 
what is demanded of them. They 
looked ruddy and strong as they went 
about their task of delivery, with a 
great pouch of mail strapped on ono 
shoulder. I said to one of them: 

"How do you like your job?" 

"I like it fine." 

"And what will you do when the 
men come home?" 

"Well, I'm thinkin' there'll be other 
jobs for the men to do, and they'll not 
be carryin' the mail. There's a mort o' 
things a woman can do and leave the 
men free to do a man's work." 

This seemed pretty good logic to me 
and a practical settlement of one item 
of tliat knotty after-the-war problem. 

I also saw in Edinburgh women 
who were licensed chauffeurs for pri- 
vate automobiles, and I found on in- 
quiry that they cleaned the car.s. 
changed the tires and did the small 
repairs. Just as. would be expected of 
a man in that position. 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



Another innovation was the em- 
ploying of women clerks in certain 
departments of the dry goods stores, 
such as linen goods, silks and haber- 
dashery, where men had always been 
used before. And in banks and law 
offices it was a very new. thing to em- 
ploy women clerks, but now only the 
chief tellers and department heads 
are men. 

The women everywhere are giving 
great satisfaction, not only to the 
public whom they serve but also to 
their employers. This will lead to a 
strange situation after the war. 

The great question to be asked will 
be threefold in its nature. It is a 
man-and-woman question of a new 
sort, since it has no concern with 
politics nor a direct bearing on the 
subject of matrimony: 



1. Will women be content to go 
back to their former condition of 
financial dependence after having 
known the independence of their own 
pay envelope? 

2. Will the public be willing to go 
back to the service of men in those 
public positions where women have 
proved so much more acceptable? 

3. Will employers consent to give 
up the women, whose service has in 
many cases proved superior to that of 
men and who are not bound by the 
obstructing laws of the trades union's, 
and who in many cases ask for less 
pay for the same work that men have 
done? 

This is a problem peculiar to the 
countries at war and will undoubtedly 
result in a readjustment of the entire 
labor system. 



Women Work Tirelessly Making Shells for the Front 



Among all the changes which the 
war has caused in industry none has 
been more spectacular than those 
brought about by the ever-increasing 
demand for shot and shells. In the 
many new employments for women it 
Is the munition story that is the won- 
derful one. 

The government called on every ma- 
chine shop and foundry in the United 
Kingdom to turn out munitions. In 
addition, old warehouses were hastily 
fitted with lathes and tools and new 
buildings run up and equipped as 
speedily ds possible. Where were the 
workers to be found? The men were 
needed at the front and there was 
nothing for it but to call upon the 
women to do their bit and serve their 
country and their flag. A tremendous 
army of women was needed to serve 
as machine hands, and no readier pa- 
triotism has been shown than the way 
In which they responded to the call. 
By the thousands they came trooping 
in and are still coming, although the 
tide has swelled beyond the quarter 
of a million mark. 

In Edinburgh I was eager to see and 
talk to these women munition workers, 
but it is very difficult to get on the in- 
side of these plants doing government 
work, for naturally they do not de- 
sire visitors. 

But through the influence of friends, 
who vouched for my innocuousness, an 
appointment wi\s made for me to visit 
the works of Bruce, Peebles & Co., 
the largest engineering works in Scot- 
land, and now employing 150 girls on 
munition work, and also the shops of 
David Thomson, engaged before the 
war in manufacturing bakery machin- 
ery, but now doing nothing ;:ut so\- 



ernment work and employing over 200 
girls. 

Entering Bruce, Peebles & Co. I 
found myself surrounded by the hum 
and throb of speeding machinery. Long 
aisles of electrically driven tools, eiich 
vfith a- woman worker before it ab- 
sorbed in her task. There were many 
young girls, pretty and rosy cheeked, | 
and all dressed in -•. uniform of lav- 
ender cotton goods which completely 
covered them, and on their heads were 
shirred mob caps of the same to keep 
their hair from dust and from being 



caught in the machinery. The agea 
seemed to range from 18 to 25, tind they 
seemed very interested when the fore- 
woman told them that I was a lady 
from America who wanted to see the 
women working. 

I spoke to one smiling, blue-eyed 
girl, whose tool was making grooves in 
a core. She had only one part of this 
operation to complete, nnd it did not 
require special skill, since the tool was 
set to perfom this task automatically. 

"Don't you get tired of doing this ten 
hours every day?" I asked her. 

"No, I like to watch my tool cut the 
metal, just as if it were cheese, and 
every shell I pass along I say, "fhere 
goes another for our boys at the 
front.' " 

Thnt seems to be the spirit that car- 
ries the work along, and you can feel 
it as you walk by these rows of wom- 
en, each faithfully doing her bit to 
help, for, without doubt, every woman 
there had some man belonging to her 
out on the fighting line. 

The heaviest work I saw women 
doing was operating the hydraulic 
press, which, under tremendous pres- 
sure, welds t'.ie copp?r band on the 
shells. Three young Amazons were 
doing this and were jesting and laugh- 
ing and apparently enjoying it. 

The government in.'^pectors were 
young women, too, and had instru- 
ments for measuring each shell befors 
it was passed for test, Those that did 
not come up to requirements were re- 
jected. 



England's Women Workers Shun the Four Fatal Ps 



Realizing that most of these women 
were earning and handling more money 
than they had ever seen before, and 
that for the first time they had the lib- 
erty of spending it, I was curious to 
know how it was working out and it 
they were extravagant or thrifty. 

The lady superintendent, who inter- 
ests herself in tlie welfare of the girl 
workers even after they leave the shop, 
would know all the facts, so I asked 
her about it. 

"Well," she said, "at the beginning 
there was a great deal of money wast- 
ed on what we called 'the four fatal 
P's.' Now the girls are steadying 
down, savings accounts are growing. 
and living conditions show signs o.' 
betterment." 

"What do you mean by the fou' 
fatal P's?" I asked. 

"When tho girls first nad money of 
their own to spend they were natural- 
ly tempted to get the luxuries they 
craved and which had always been 
far out of reach, those all happen to 
begin with the letter P, and we, who 
were trymg to help the girls to spend 
the money v/isely, ran up a^aicsl this 



bit of human nature, and felt that 
these four P's were our worst stum- 
bling blocks — the P's are, plumes, per. 
fumes, phonographs and pianos." 

At David Tliomson's I found much 
the same conditions and kind of work, 
except that the girls were uniformed 
in light blue. I was particularly in- 
terested in the canteen, which was in 
a large room near the entrance. Here 
I saw a very refined young woman 
with her arms bare to the elbow UnC 
working an enormous mass of dougr.. 

"What arc you making?" I asked 
her. 

"Biscuits for dinner," she said. 
"There will be about 200 needed tn 
feed the shift that comes off at noon, 
for they l.ke my biscuits very much." 

"What else arc you going to give 
them today?" 

"Stewed steak and onicus, pota- 
toes, ar.d a sweet pudding, and all th« 
tea. coffee or milk they want." 

"Do they pay for this?" 

"Oh, yes, they pay enough to cover 
the actual cost of the raw materials; 
for instance, about a sixpence, and 
the firm is glad to paj' for the fuel 



6 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



and other charges, since this canteen 
keeps the girls in better working con- 
dition. By having one good hot, nour- 
ishing meal in the middle of the day 
It means a great Increase in efflciency." 
I found that this young woman in 
charge of the canteen has an indepen- 
dent income and does not need to earn 
money. She does it in a spirit of pa- 
triotism, and has been faithfully at 
work there for over eight months 
without the loss of a day, and much 



of the cooking she not only supervises 
but actually does herself. Perhaps 
her nearest men folk had been among 
the first hundred thousand, and had 
never come home. To ine she seemed 
the embodiment of the new spirit of 
earnestness shown by the women of 
Great Britain, who have been cut deep, 
and are now offering themselves to do 
any task so that they may feel I hey 
are helping England to be victorious 
and their losses may not have been in 
vain. 



London Bobbies Knight Errants to Damsels 

in Distress 



One misty night in London I found 
myself after nightfall at Whitehall gar- 
dens, and late for my dinner engage- 
ment at the Carlton. 

In the darkness even the crossing of 
a street seemed an adventure, and I 
saw with relief the figure of a police- 
man looming up in the du.sk. Those 
London "Bobbies" are splenald fellows, 
they seems a race quite apart from or- 
dinary mortals— tall, genial and court- 
eous they are, they are regular knight 
errants to damsels in distress. 



Telling him my plight, I asked the 
policeman to help me get a taxi; but 
here again London has to conform 
to war conditions, it is forbidden to 
use the customary taxi whistle after 
nightfall, since its shrill sound dis- 
turbed the iTiany wounded soldiers in 
town. 

We could hear the hum of taxis in 
motion and could see the blur of their 
pale lights, but we could not tell if 
they had a fare, nor could they see 
you on the sidewalk making frantic 
signals. 

Finally the policeman said, "1 



think you would make better tima 
walking, you would be quite all right, 
and I could pass you on." 

I didn't know just what it meant 
to be "passed on" like a bill in Con- 
gress, but my faith in the London 
Bobby being supremo, I assented. V."J 
walked along until we reached the 
end of his beat, where we found an- 
other policeman and I was trans- 
ferred to the lee shelter of his cape 
with the laconic remark, "Lady for 
the Carlton." 

And so by relays I was passed on 
from one policeman to another, each 
as much like the last as his twin 
brother, until I reached the hotel. 

This was my one experience with 
the police during my stay in Eng- 
land in which I had not been made to 
feel like a potential German spy. It 
makes a tremendous difference on 
which side of the situation you find 
your.self. Whether you an sheltered 
by the protecting arm of the law, or 
whether you are an object of suspi- 
cion against which the arm of the law 
is raised in protection of itself. 

The contrast gave me a clear in- 
sight into the psychological attitude 
of a criminal in regard to the law 
which as a humanizing experience 
was all to the good. 



Spies Sometimes Have 
Backs With 

Crossing from London to Paris is very 
difficult. Often for days at a time there 
•will be no boat between Southampton 
and Havre, which is the only one of 
the former five routes now open for 
general trafflc. This is kept clear by 
means of great metal nets near the 
coasts, and by trawlers that continually 
sweep the lane clear of mines and watch 
for submarines. If one is reported near 
the English Channel communication is 
stopped until the danger is past. The 
military route between Dover and 
Calais is then the only connection be- 
tween England and France, and this 
Is used solely for the transport of 
troops and military supplies. 

A very thorough search of your 
baggage is made before leaving South- 
ampton. You are not permitted to 
take a scrap of printed or written 
papei' with you unless it has been 
vised and stamped oy the censor. If 
>uu hpBitate in answering the ques- 
tion.s p-t to you, vou become an ob- 
ject of .suspicion and are taxen in a 
small room for personal examination. 
An American gentleman who crossed 
on the boat with me was stripped and 
searched, and even his back was washed 
with a solution of alcohol, for the Eng- 
lish discovered that maps of important 
localities or fortifications v.cre some- 
times painted in invisible ink on the 
back ot a spy, and these were made 
legible by the use of a wash of a cer- 
tain ;icid. 

Aftei all thv?e i'i£?nuticn.': ycj go 



)s Painted on Their 
Invisible Ink 



through a search almost as rigid when 
you land in Havre, after a trip of about 
six hours, and the English work here, 
too, with the French. 

But, once in France, conditions of 
travel are much more simple. Of 
course, you cannot go up near the 
front or the fighting line, and you are 
always liable to be held up and de- 
layed on the railway, for military 
trains have the rignt of way. You 
still must report at the police stations, \ 



but you are not regarded with suspi- 
cion, as you are in Great Britain, and as 
long as you comply with the required 
regulations you may go about your 
business. 

Paris is a little difficult, for a trav- 
eler must either pass straight through, 
remainln.g not more than twenty-four 
hours, or else is required to remain 
from eight to fourteen days, while his 
case is being investigated. 

But when you have constantly be- 
fore your eyes the spectacle of how 
tremendous a price in suffering and 
sacrifice these countries are paying for 
the war, you cannot blame them for 
taking every precaution, and the at- 
tendant delay and inconvenience to 
you seem a matter of insignificance. 



iiow V/ar Conditions Affect Westminster Abbey 



London liy day looks muoli the 
same as in peace times, Zeppe- 
lin raids have wrought no visi- 
ble destruction, and except for the 
many soldiers and officers, the girla in 
semi-military uniforms of woolen 
khaki cloth, wearing the V. A. D. 
(Volunteer Aid Detachment) badge, 
and groups of wounded convalescents 
being taken in batches to the cinema 
escorted by watchful, rosy-checked 
nurses in crisp uniform, one would 
never know from externals that the 
country is at war. 

But though things look the same, 
there is a difference, and one feels it 
keenly; it is in the air. It is indefin- 
able, but none th'S less real; you feel 
•bar th"^ p.?ilo ars leased, they are 



determined, there is a new crispncss of 
I expression, an added briskness to the 
j gait of the men on the street. Eng- 
1 land has made sacrifices and has suf- 
j fered and the faces of the people show 
it. 

On the Thirteenth Sunday after 
Trinity I attended service at West- 
: minster Abbey. It vi'as a most unusual 
and thrilling sight. Entrance was only 
through the Poets Corner, and the 
Abbey was full even to the standing- 
room capacity, and this service was 
just the usual one of Sunday mornin.g. 
A good half of the congregation were 
men, many of them soldiers from over 
seas. The metal letters on their shoul- 
der straps told their home country. I 
.oaw men in uniform frcm Ati.?tralia, 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



Tasmania, New Zealand, Canada and 
South Africa; they looked around with 
Interest, for many of them had never 
been In Westminster Abbey before. 

I sat between a Highlander in kilts 
who had a beautiful baritone voice, 
and a naval cadet, who sang a clear 
sweet tenor. The hymns chosen were 
familiar ones and the men's voices 
In the congregation quite drowned the 
choir. 

We sang that lovely old hymn by 
William Cowper, "God Moves in a 
Mysterious Way, His Wonders to Per- 
form." I shall never forget the sing- 
ing of that verse. 

Judge not the Lord by feeble sense 
But trust Him for Hi.s Grace, 

Behind a frowning providence. 
He hides a smiling face. 

The women In the congregation 
were too moved to sing after the sec- 
ond line. They frankly and audibly 
sobbed, while the men, with steady, 
vibrant voices, sustained by the deep 
notes of the organ, carried it triumph- 
antly to the end. 

The sermon was short, clear and 
practical in its application, it was 
preached by the Rev. C. P. J. Proctor, 
Vicar of Islington, and it was a plea 
for a more real expression of the spir- 
itual in everyday life. 

After the service I walked around 
the Abbey and noted the precautions 



taken against Zeppelin bombs. The 
chapel of Henry VII has all the 
carved effigies of the ancient tombs 
protected by sand bags, and the main 
altar of the Abbey itself is heaped 
high with sand bags, thousands of 
them. The priceless old windows of 
the apse have all been removed and 
replaced with plain glass. At St. Mar- 
garet's, just outside of the Abbey, I 
noticed that the beautiful windows 
were gone, too. I asked a verger 
where they were, and he said, "Burled 
where the Huns will never find them," 

In the crisp, clear sunshine of that 
September day It seemed impossible 
to think of any such impending dan- 
ger, but even as I looked up at the 
clock tower of the Parliament build- 
ing where "Big Ben" is housed I saw 
a Britisli aircraft sailing majestically 
through the blue. 

This mysterious Taube, whose pul- 
sating breath could be plainly heard, 
seemed half bird and half guardian 
angel for that ancient Abbey wliere, 
from the time of Edward I, England 
had crowned her kings and queens, 
and who.se monuments in sculptured 
stone epitomize the history of the na- 
tion. I sent up a special prayer that 
the fate of Rhelms Cathedral might 
not befall this beautiful old Abbey of 
Gothic structure, so crowded with 
memories and steeped in the incense 
of prayer of generations. 



Food Prices Sky Hi^h — Women in Unusual Jobs 



Having seen the women working in 
the engineering shops in Edinburgh, I 
was very curious to see how they were 
taught. Of course, the secret of mak- 
ing this unskilled 'abor valuable lies 
In splitting up a complicated operation 
Into many simple ones, and then 
training the girl for that single thing, 
whether it be a drill or lathe or riveter. 
She soon becomes very expert, and can 
turn out her portion both quickly and 
accurately, and pass it along for the 
next operation. 

The Royal Technical College of 
Glasgow has courses of training for 
munition workers, arranged at the re- 
quest of the Minister of Munitions. 
Professor Mellenby, the head of this 
department, said that the women pick 
up this work much more quickly than 
a man above the exemption age. 

I talked with a young girl, who was 
a typical Highland lassie, with blue- 
green eyes and a quantity of the love- 
liest red hair. She had nearly com- 
pleted her course of training, anc v/as 
engaged on a slot-drilling tool. This 
was very delicate work, calling for ac- 
curacy up to 1-10, 000th of an Inch. 

Said she: "I never knew there was 
iuch a fine measurement; it seems 
like cutting a hair in two. But I was 
a. dressmaker before 1 volunteered for 
munitions work, so I always had a 
Straight eye." 



It is interesting to see a man, who 
two years ago would have scorned to 
work next to a woman, now co-op- 
erating with the Government and 
teaching a group of girls the cherished 
tricks of the trade — things that he 
had learned by a slow process of 
years, and had zealously guarded. 

Everything in the way of food is 
very costly. I paid sixpence apiece 
for oranges, but they might be classed 
as luxuries and tempted me because 
they were labeled "Tasmanian seed- 
less fruit." I found that even the 
necessities were almost double in price 
to that of two years ago, and I made 
a comparative list with a housekeeper 
which might interest those of us in 
this country who know how much 
they are paying for food. I have given 
American equivalent for the money. 

Present. Before 

Price. War. 

Butter, lb 59 cents 29 cents 

Pototoes, pk 29 cents 16 cents 

Gran, sugar, lb. ..12 cents 6 cents 

Eggs, doz GG cents 25 cents 

B,T.con. lb 41 cents 18 cents 

Bread, loaf 19 cents 12 cents 

I had an amusing experience in 
Glasgow, The city was crowded and, 
like Edinburgh, teeming with life. 
When a page was c-:;t to chew me mj 



room at the Central Station Hotel I 
was taken up to the last stop of the 
elevator and then mounted an extra 
flight of st.Tlrs. It was evidently the 
attic, and as I followed the boy down 
corridors I passed several soldiers and 
heard whistling and banging from the 
different rooms. While the door was 
being unlocked I read a sign tacked 
upon it. 'Guests will please not clean 
their boots on the household linen." 
That was rather a shock to me, and 
my suspicions were confirmed when 
on entering I saw a small black iron 
bed, and the dresser placed between 
the two high mansard windows, so I 
felt it was no place for me, and I told 
the boy to take my bags back to the 
ofllce. The young woman at the en- 
trance desk said: 

"I am afraid that is the best we 
can do for you, madam. We are full 
up, and the only other vacant room Is 
' a parlor bedroom, and you would have 
to pay high for that." 
"How high?" I asked. 
"Twelve shillings a day." 
"Even so," said I, "I will take it." 
And smiled to myself as I thought of 
the tiny room you could buy for $3 a 
day at the Blltmore or Ritz in New 
York. The first thing I did when I 
entered that room was to look in the 
mirror to see why I had not impressed 
that clerk as a possible $3-a-day 
guest. 

In Glasgow I found women em- 
ployed in many industries aside from 
munitions or shipbuilding. Their sub- 
stitution for men in various trades 
I covered so broad a field that I made 
a list from an employment bureau of 
some lines that interested me. 

Four hundred and sixty women are 
employed in lighting and extinguish- 
ing stair and street lights; 140 women 
clean the streets, and often empty 
dust bin.s, and, most spectacular of 
all, a woman has been seen, decently 
dressed in black, driving a hearse. 

At an employment agency there was 
ono applicant for housework, and 
there were fifty women trying to se- 
cure her. People living in the sub- 
urbs of Glasgow are swarming into 
town and filling the hotels to get r^J 
of the servant problem. 

Women of wealth are also respond- 
ing to the needs of their country. Hun- 
dreds of beautiful country houses are 
either turned over for hospitals or 
transformed into convalescent homes 
for the soldiers. The country is full 
of young women "V. A. D.'s" (Volun- 
teer Aid Detachment), nursing in hos- 
pitals and distributing supplies. 

At Bromley, a training station near 
London, a funny incident occurred. 
Finding that there were no bathtubs 
provided for the soldiers, a young 
woman went from house to house 
asking that the use of the bathtub 
with soap and towels be given to the 
soldiers on stated days of the week. 

One fussy matron appeared at tha 
ofiice a few days later and said: 

"I don't mind a dirty soldier on 
Monday nights, but you must really 
not send me two on Wednesday night, 
for my daughter positively muf' *.aJt^ 
a hot batn on that c'sht." 



rs 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



England as Germany's Rival in Making of Dyes 



On my way down from Glasgow to 
London I decided to stop at Manchester, 
which is in the cotton spinning and 
weaving district, to note the changed 
war conditions. 

The train service is greatly disrupted 
by the military needs of the hour. The 
transportation of soldiers, horses, mu- 
nitions and supplies of all sort is given 
the right of way. The railways have 
taken off their restaurant cars and 
Bleeping coaches, and, except for 
fast through trains, time tables are 
frequently changed at a moment's 
notice. 

The Government protects travelers 
from Zeppelin raids at night by a 
notice commajiding that all blinds be 
closely drawn until the train is run 
Into the station shed. Further warn- 
ing is given against German spies by 
a sign posted in all cars and stations: 
"Discussion in public of naval or mili- i 
tary matters may convey information 
to the enemy. Be on your guard." 

It was nearly midnight when I 
reached Manchester and since the 
porters had all enlisted for military 
eervice there were only a couple of 
Bleepy old grandfathers to handle the 
luggage. It was raining hard, and I 
sent one small boy after another out 
in the darkened streets to search for 
a taxi. When it arrived the two boys 
were fighting on the steps, each claim- 
ing the sixpence tip and the speediest 
eettlement was to pay it to them both. 
That was a wild ride to the hotel. The 
driver had evidently been fighting the 
chilly atmosphere with liquid fire, and 
In the resultant confusion he dropped 
my trunk off the taxi into the middle 
of a puddle at the first corner, and 
When he tried to put it up again he 
muttered accusingly: 

" 'Eaviest trunk I ever see. Say, 
loldy, what you got in it? Zeppelin 
bombs?" It was with a feeling of 
gratitude that I reached the hotel in- 
tact. 

Since the cotton mills had employed 
Bome women before the war, I was 
particularly Interested in the dye 
Works of Manchester. The Levinstein 
Company is the largest dyeing con- 
cern in England. At present it is do- 
ing an enormous business for the Gov- 
ernment, which has caused such ex- 
pansion of Its works that it is plan- 
ning after the war to capture for Eng- 
land the enormous American trade 
that has previously gone to Germany. 
At this Manchester dye works there 
are forty chemists experimenting with 
different dyestuffs to master the se- 
crets that up to this time have been 
zealously guarded by Germany, and 
they have achieved such success that 
they now feel they can rival Germany 
In the markets of the world. 

I had crossed on the steamer with 
Dr. Levinstein, the head of the firm. 
Dr. Levinstein said the men were 
drunk half the time, and refused to 
work steadily. They felt their power 



these men up and make them see the 
necessity of giving satisfaction if they 
valued their pay envelopes. 

A special uniform has been designed 
for the women — khaki knickers 
tucked into high boots and a belted 
coat and visored cap. A former office 
building has been turned over to their 
exclusive use with ample arrangement 
for comfort — locker rooms, rest rooms 
and canteen; and I saw the compe- 
tent lady superintendent, who was 
putting the last touches preparatory 
to the reception of the thirty girls ex- 
pected on the morrow, with the un- 
derstanding that if the scheme worked 
since there was no other labor to be 
had, but the introduction of women 
to this same kind of work would brace 



well, the firm would take on 200 at the 
end of a two weeks trial. 

An amusing incident occurred at 
the Manchester Cathedral. When an 
officer is killed in action the sign of 
mourning permitted to the soldiers of 
his company consists of a narrow 
black ribbon, like a bit of tape, on the 
back of his collar. A kind-hearted 
lady attending service at the Cathe- 
dral noticed thte many black collars 
and commiserated a soldier on having 
lost so many officers at the front. 

"If it's the black collar you mean, 
madam, we are Welsh soldiers, and 
it is our custom. In the early days 
Welsh regiments wore perukes and 
they spoiled the collars, so black ones 
were adopted and have been worn 
ever since." 

So the gentle old lady transferred 
her sympathies lo a more needy cause. 



London Hospital Managed by Women 



On Endell street in London there is a 
iUlque hospital. It is run entirely by 
women. Dr. Flora Murray and Dr. An- 
derson are the chief surgeons. Other 
prominent women physicians are on the 
staff, also women dentists, anesthetists, 
X-rayists, chemists, quartermaster, 
superintendent, matron and nurses; 
even orderlies and stretcher bearers; 
all are women, and the librarian is 
Beatrice Harriden, who wrote "Ships 
That Pass in the Night." 

There are over five hundred pa- 
tients, and they are separated into 
chree divisions — the surgical, medical 
and psychopathic wards. The last is 
for those whose nervous system has 
been shattered by the horrors of 
trench life or by having been for 
hours under direct shrapnel and shell 
fire. Some are blind from shock, 
others are deaf, many have lost their 
power of speech and others cannot 
walk. The matron told me that while 
some have not a wound they are ab- 
solute wrecks and very difficult to 
handle, for a nervous man is very 
much worse than a nervous woman. 
"Do these men ever become really 
normal again?" I asked. 

"Yes, the percentage of recoveries is 
large, especially of the deaf and speech 



bullets. To aid in this work they hav« 
a splendid X-ray room with all the 
latest appliances, and specialize in this 
rather new development which is prov- 
ing such an invaluable help to surgery. 
On my way out I talked to one of 
the patients lying in the courtyard, a 
man who had lost a leg at the thigh. 
He seemed very intelligent, and I was 
interested to gain from him some idea 
of how the men felt about this hospital 
run by women. 

"Do the soldiers like this institution 
as well as those in charge of men sur- 
geons?" I asked. 

"The women doctors are all right; 
they are just splendid, and many of the 
men ask to be sent here, if it can be 
done." he said. 

"Is that because they believe that 
ihe women are more patient and will 
take more pains to save an amputa- 
tion?" 

"That's the only trouble with them; 
they work too hard to keep them." 

"Surely," said I, "you don't mean 
that you would rather lose your arms 
and legs and be crippled all your 
life?" 

"Well, what's the use of saving an 
arm If the muscles are tore away and 
it ain't strong enough to work with. 



less, and those whose nerves of loco ' °'" '^ '^^ '* " '^ "^^^^ ^"'^ ^°" '^^^^ *^° 
motion are affected they have to learn ! ^° '^™^ °" *" -^"^ '* "'*' ^^^'^ ^• 
to walk all over again, like litUe chil ' ^""^ ^^^" ^°"'" ^^* ^°^'^ pension. You 



They have two operating theaters, 
one for major operations, chiefly ab- 
dominal incisions or amputations, and 
the other for minor operations, frac- 
tures, shell wounds, and exploration for 



might better have steady money in 
your hand than a leg or arm that don't 
do you no good." 

This certainly was a new angle of 
vision for me, and I began to feel 
more cheerful about all the m.utilated 
men I saw on the streets. 



Sta8[gered by Lord Northcliffe 



cllffe. 



He owns and controls a chain of 
newspapers and magazines and per- 
Bonifles the power of the presi, which 
Is so vital a factor in shaping public 
opinion, 

Like most men of his prominence, 



public favor and disfavor and seems 
serenely Indifferent to either. 

He had just returned from a trip to 
Spain and to the trenches of the 
Somme when I reached London. 

I had a letter of Introduction from 
a Brooklyn newspaper man, but It 
seemed a small key to open so big a 



The-Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



9 1 




A British Soldier Assisting a Wounded German Prisoner Across "No Man's Land," Near Morval,~oa 

the Somme Front. 



10 



The Eagle Library-WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



door, for it was only three lines in 
length. Perhaps its terseness appealed 
to this news-gettins specialist, for I 
received an immediate response, giv- 
ing me an appointment for the next 
morning. 

His office is in the Amalgamated 
Press Building, which is an enormous 
modern newspaper office building, em- 
ploying about 3,000 girls. With the note 
as credentials, I was passed quickly 
along and finally found myself in the 
outer reception room of his office, and 
was told by his private secretary, a 
capable and distinguished looking 
young woman, that Lord Northcliffe 
would receive me. I was ushered into 
a long room with three windows on 
one side, furnished in heavy mahogany 
and with upholstery, curtains and rug 
in softwood brown and blue. At the 
farther end a cannel grate Are was 
burning in a beautiful fireplace. 

Before the tire in a deep lounging 
chair of blue plush was a man who rose 
to greet me. 

It was a dramatic setting, and 
seemed as unreal as a scene in a play. 
Coming briskly forward and giving 
me a firm handclasp. Lord Northcliffe, 
in crisp business-like tones said: "Mrs. 
Payne, I am pleased to know you. What 
can I do for you?" 

This lilunt question, put to me by a 
man whose moments are precious, 
added the final note to my embarrass- 
ment, and I felt myself sinking Into an 
abyss of vacuity, and stripped of the 
program I had arranged for this inter- 
view. So I frankly said: 

"The kindest thing you can do is to 
forget for a moment that you are 
Lord Northcliffe, and let me talk to you 
like a plain human man." 

This seemed to amuse him, his man- 
ner relaxed as he laughed and led me 
over to a luxurious cnair opposite him 
before the fire and began to talk about 
golf, which is his one passion outside 
of newspaper work. This attitude on 
his part was so reassuring that I swung 
back to normal in a moment and began 
to note the personality of the man 
whose force is so great that he seems 
like a sort of human dynamo. 

Lord Northcliffe is one of the most 
extraordinary men I have ever met. 
Of medium height, his figure is com- 
pactly knit, and the well-set head Is 
finely proportioned, with square, fight- 
ing jaw and full, firm lips. He is 
clean shaven and has a clear, ruddy 
complexion and deep-set, clear blue 
eyes under strongly marked brows. 
His brown hair Is straight and falls 
in a rebellious look over a rather high 
forehead. 

Restored once more to a degree of 
serenity, I asked him first what the 
general feeling in England, was to- 
ward the United States. 

He smiled deprecatingly and said: 
"We did not expect you to go to war, 
but we did look to you at the begin- 
ning, and have on several occasions 
since, to utter some protest at things 
that have occurred which have vio- 
lated the ideals for which we believed 
you stood. Your silence has been in- 
comprehensible and we could put but 
one construction on it and thai not a 
favorable one to the hnyl <>* j.'- •- n-\ 



tion. The American Government 
seems to have no unity— no clear na- 
tional voice." 

"Perhaps," I said, "that is because 
we are the melting pot of all the na- 
tions, and have to consider many 
racial antagonisms and sympathies 
when we speak as the American peo- 
ple." 

"England, too. Is full of different 
strains." ho said. "Lancashire does 
not understand Devonshire, nor York- 
shire the Londoner. The Scotch are 
a different race, more like the French. 



There is less difference between a 
Scotchman and Frenchman than be- 
tween Scotchmen and Englishmen. 
Yet, in spite of the vast differences m 
Great Britain, all are pulling to- 
gether." 

"Yes," said I, "because there Is a 
great common cause for the moment. 
If we were at war and there was need 
to protect our life as a nation. I be- 
lieve a great national spirit would be 
born In the United States." 

"That may be true," said Lord 
Northcliffe. 



Lord Northcliffc's Opinion of How Germany 

Will Fail 



"I would like your opinion," 1 asked 
Lord Northcliffe, "on one point, which 
would be of great Interest to me. I have 
considered this war as a rope made of 
tour strands— 1. military; 2, economic; 
3, political; 4, psychological. Both sides 
have these elements to consider, and 
the ability of either side to continue 
the war is dependent on its total 
strength or resultant force which is the 
rope made up of these four strands. 
This rope is no stronger than its weak- 
est strand, and I want to know which 
element you consider most likely to 
fall m the German situation." 

He considered the matter for a mo- 
ment, then nald: 

"I believe the psychological strand 
will be the weakest in the German sit- 
uation. The German people have been 
fed on illusions and lies, and how is the 
German Government going to explain 
defeat to its people? 

"Their papers tell them that the Zep- 
pelins have reduced London to ruins — 
that the French soldiers are starving. 

"The other day lit the front I met a 

! former friend of mine, an officer in the 

German army, who had Just been taken 

i prisoner. I greeted him and asked if I 

I could serve him. He said that he 

wanted nothing, that his situation as a 

prisoner was simply a fortune of war, 

but he did regret that London had 



been so destroyed. I assured him It 
was not so, but he only smiled and 
shook his head and said he knew posi- 
tively and on the best authority that 
Victoria Station was laid waste. Some 
day people who have been so deceived 
will demand a reckoning. What will 
the Germans do when they learn the 
truth? Unless the German psychology 
breaks down or some extraordinary 
military act causes a crisis, the war 
may continue for two years more Ger- 
many has been preparing for this war 
since Frederick 1, end she cannot be 
crushed in a moment." 

At the close of the interview Lord 
Northcliffe asked me my plans, and I 
said: 
"I would like to go to France." 
"Why don't you?" 

"Because I am told it is dangerous, 
and the difficulty of travel great." 
j "If you are discouraged, you had 
j better remain here in England, but If 
you really wiant to go to France, make 
a start and go. You can accomplish 
anything you want in this world If you 
really want it hard enough." 

On the strength of thla inspiring 
word from a man who has certainly 
accomplished all he desired, I began et 
once to plan to cross Into France, and 
my safe arrival there a week later con- 
firmed the value of Lord Xorthcllffe's 
advice. 



War Time Changes in Paris 



Paris is no longer gay and sprightly. 

She ofl'ers a changed face to travelers 

those days; she is fighting for her life 
j and hard beset, but doing it with such 

courage and calmness that the in.^pir- 

ation of her bravery balances the drc- 
j ades of dashing pleasures she has of- 
! fered to her visitors. The streets are 

full of soldiers. The per missionaires, as 
I they call the men on leave, have eight 
I days rest from the front, and are 

transported without charge to Paris; 

here they slouch along the streets 

. v'']-:v'S ••vub.a»'.^ c; .■■■;, <:> ih-? shop 

I 



windows. They are weary looking, 
these bearded fellows, and their dented 

1 steel bomb-proof helmets and mud- 

i stained heavy boots show them to be 
fresh froin the trenches. They are a 
contrast to the new recruits fresh from 

! the drill grounds, who have not yet 
seen service. These look eager and 
erect in their unstained uniform of 
horizon blue. Then there are the 
wounded, men without arms, or lack- 
ing a leg, or with parts of their jawa 

' shot away — and, saddest of all, the 
blind. Ill tbe Pois you .see them and on 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



11 n 



the boulevards, being taught to walk 
and given courage by some young 
woman who chats and laughs with 
them and tries to inspire them to step 
briskly and have confidence. The of- 
ficers always salute a blind soldier, 
and a pathetic sight I saw on the 
shallow steps leading up to a church. 
A peasant mother and her blind sol- 
dier boy were ascending these steps 
when an ollicer came out of the 
church. He saluted the soldier in 
passing, and his mother said to him, 
"Your Captain has just passed and 
saluted you." The poor blind boy, 
helpless and with limited means of 
expression, felt the need of doing 
something, so he turned and kissed 
his mother — it was all he could do. 

The hotels have suffered greatly 
through the war. The novernment 
took over some to use for the French 
and Belgian refugees. 

The Carlton and i^^toria, on the 
Champs Elysees, are now military 
hospitals. The beautiful diningrooms 
and salon facing this avenue have 
been turned into wards and the beds 
of the patients can be plainly seen 
from the street. 

Paris hotels have lost not only 
their wealthy clients who spent money 
freely, but theii- servants have all 
gone to the front, leaving them only 
jnen too old or boys too young for 
military service, which in France 
claims all men between the ages of 
seventeen and forty-five years. 

Some hotels like the Crillon make a 
point of employing only Frenchmen 
who have seen service and been 
wounded. The lift-man has lost one 
arm and wears three medals, the por- 
ter is a hero of the Marne. and the 
entire personnel of the hotel is com- 
posed of reformer. 

The hotels also have to face the in- 
creased cost not only of wine and 
foodstuffs, but also that of coal. Many 
of them have given up their central 
heating and have gone back to small 
stoves or grate fires. 

The shops are quite changed, too, 
lacking the vast tourist' trade that 
filled their coffers before the war, 
Paris shops must now cater to her 
own people. Everywhere one sees 
jewelers' shops with shutters up and 
the announcement, "Closed until after 
the war." Expensive linen shops, like 
the Maison de Blanc, have few cus- 
tomers, but the big department stores, 
such as the Printemps and Galeries 
Lafayette, are swarming with trade. 
Ch-^ap laces, artificial flowers. un- 
trin:med hats, and furs' are iloing a 
big business, for there are many peo- 
ple of the middle class that are mak- 
ing money in war supplies, and the 
next best thing to being thrifty is to 
be able to pick up a bargain in some- 
ihing that in former days would have 
been a luxury. 

The gay night life of Paris is great- 
ly subdued. The people still sip their 
coffee and liquors on the pavement at 
the open cafes, but the brilliant, swift- 
moving throng of the boulevard is 
greatly changed in character. The 
streets are not darkened at night, as 
they are in London and Edinburgh, 
but Paris is dim, few cf th.-, :;t.-cct 
lamps Pi: 'it, i.ie.i- f. :ir. '■ ■'■noTn; 



than fear of Zeppelins. Air raids have 
been seldom attempted. It is very 
difflcult to get a taxi at night, the 
Government limits the supply of gaso- 
line and the best chauffeurs arc off 
at the front. Those remaining are 
very independent and refuse to do 
night work, and since the motor 
omnibuses from some of the chief 
lines are being used at the front it 
makes it very difficult to gat about the 
streets of Paris after nightfall. I saw 
but few women chau.":eurs. France 
is bending every effort to find work for 
her mutilated soldiers, and the women 
can be used in the munition plants and 
to take the men's places in heavy 
work of the field, so every position 
that can be filled by a wounded soldier 
is reserved for them. 

The whole life of Paris centers 



around the war and its immediate 

needs. Every street has its quota 
of private homes turned for the mo- 
ment into hospitals for the wounded, 
or used as storehouses for supplies to 
be distributed among the vast army 
of refugees from the invaded district 
of Northern France and of Belgium 
that have sought asylum in Paris. 
People of wealth and social position 
devote themselves to service of some 
kind, either for the soldiers or their 
families. It is no longer considered 
good form to wear expensive costumes 
or jewels of any sort, and the thrift 
and economy that are necessary to 
save France as a nation are being 
practiced alike by both rich and poor, 
and all with a cheerfulness and brave 
spirit that redeems them from being 
sordid. 



Soldiers' Graves Dot Farms on Marne Battlefield 



It was a day late in September and 
a soft misty rain was falling when I 
took the train from Paris to Meaux to 
visit the battlefield of the Marne and 
to note how the scars of battle were 
being effaced from a countryside where 
less than two years before there had 
been fought one of the mostly hotly dis- 
puted and bloodiest battles of the war. 
For this was the high water mark of 
the German invasion. It was to this 
place on the Piiver Marne that Gallienl 
rushed his troops from Paris by rail, 
on foot, in taxicabs, omnibuses, motor 
lines, private automobiles and car- 
riages to stem the advancing tide of 
German soldiers befnre they could get 
within striking distance of Paris. • 

The twcnty-eighi mile run took 
about an hour from Paris, and it did 
not need much of an effort of the 
imagination to again people the long 
straight roads with a hurrying throng 
of soldiers in every conceivable type 
of vehicle, rushing with stern faces 
and grim deiermination to turn the 
enemy who had almost reached the 
gates of Paris. As we drew into the 
station I smiled at the recollection 
of the struggles of the English Tom- 
mies to pronounce the name Meaux; 
they called it "Mee-yow" — like a cai — 
just as they stumbled over Vielle 
Chapelle, which they called "Veal 
Chapel," and Ypres, whicli they pro- 
nounced "Wipers." 

A military pass is necessary in order 
to go out to the battlefield, but this 
had been duly obtained in Paris, by 
the foreign correspondent of The 
Eagle, with whom I made the trip, ' 
and bore on the front cover a dupli- 
cate of the photograph that was on 
my passport. 

The straight French road, with its 
occasional rows of poplars. ran 
through fields that had just been har- 
vested — they were dotted like a golf 
course with small tri-colored flags, 
each denoting a soldier's grave, some- 
times several soldiers in one grave, 
forty-three in one place. At the head 
of the grave a white cross bearing the 
uan^e of the solc'ier ?>nd his re?lmental 
;•;•.•■'••■;--, rr.(i : ;>fl- ..'t it the «"£ '.':'''-.r. 



must have been thou.sands of them, 
and may Germans buried there, too; 
their graves marked with a black 
square on an upright, and labelled 
with their marks of identity. They 
were buried as they fell, and you could 
visualize the attack and repulse, by 
following the advancing line of Ger- 
man graves until it is met by a group 
of French graves and the two rows 
lie facing each other — peacefully 
enough now. 

I noticed a corked bottle containing 
a card tied on many of the French 
crosses, and I was deeply touched on 
reading one to find it was the praye" 
of a French mother to any French 
soldier to give her news of her son. 
who is missing and whom she be- 
lieved to have been killed at the Bat- 
tle of the Marne. 

Farmers have respected thesn 
graves, each with its litt'e barbed wlr« 
fence, and have ploughed and planted 
and have harvested around them— « 
but perhaps in a few years they will 
be obliterated unless the war ends and 
the French Government can remov* 
the bones to Paris and give them dig- 
nified sepulture. Nature heals mor*. 
quickly than man — already the torn 
battle fields ploughed with shot and 
shell have yielded a bountiful harvest, 
but for what man has sowed of his 
kind there will be no fruition on earth. 
The little villages still bear the scars 
of war, their walled buildings were 
deeply pitted by shells and the roofs 
tell the tale of recent reparation by 
patches of fresh terra-cotta tiles, or 
still havo gaping holes. 

Barcy, with its ancient church- 
seems to have been the center of som» 
special conflict. The churches were 
always made the first point of attack 
by the machine guns of the enemy, 
since there was danger that the bel- 
fries would serve as observation 
towers for the villagers, who could 
thus give warning of their approach. 

The church at Barcy is a completa 
ruin; a shell squarely hit the bel- 
fry and dislodged the bell, and the 
clock fell crashing through the tower 
to the pavement below. The beauti- 
f'l t:ronz? l.»ll lies tfosre unhurt, bul 



' 12 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



the clock is a jangled mass of rusting 
springs and wheels. 

The high altar is a wreck, and 
through the bare rafters one can see 
the sky. As I turned from the 
ruined church I looked down the an- 
cient cobbled street, with its gray 
houses ot stone and cement, and saw 
a pastoral scene — a flock of sheep on 
Its homeward way, followed by an 
ancient shepherdess, in weather 
bleached cape, and accompanied by 
her well trained, faithful dog. 

Our driver was filled with the true 
dramatic instinct, and, leaning back 
from his high seat, he asked in mys- 
terious tones if we desired to see "les 
Boches." Assenting, we dismounted, 
and to his repeated "doucement," we 
crept like conspirators to a small 
stone house with padlocked doors, and 
through the window we saw three 
German prisoners quite cheerfully and 
peacefully repairing some chairs. 

After this thrilling spectacle we 
•went to see the trenches. I had al- 
ways Imagined trenches to be ditches 



dug in straight line. I was astound- 
ed to find them a maze of zis zags not 
more than eight or ten feet without a 
sharp bend or turn. The driver said 
they were built that way so no ma- 
chine gun getting the range could 
make a clean sweep of the trench. 

I climbed down into them and 
walked along in the slippery mud, 
for I wanted the experience of being 
in a real trench. They were about 
seven feet deep and four feet wide; 
their sides were protected from 
caving in by roughly woven willow 
withes like coarse basket work; and 
on the side facing the enemy there 
ran a ledge about a foot high on which 
the soldier could stand to fire. 

As we drove hack through the flag- 
studded fields to the train I realized 
we were looking in the graves of men 
who had really saved France, and 
from every mound came the senti- 
ment: 

"Mon corps a la terre, 

Mon ame a Dieu, 

Mon coeur a la France." 



General Joffre Decorates the Heroes of France 



An announcement was made public 
In the Paris journals that at 2 o'clock 
on a certain day the soldiers were to 
be decorated at Les Invalides for spe- 
cial bravery, so I started out in 
the bright Paris sunshine in what I 
thought was ample time to see this 
touching ceremony. But as I cros.sed 
the bridge Alexandre III I saw a 
great crowd massed before the bronze 
gates in the Esplanade, and when 
I arrived at the Invalides. I found 
about five hundred people all eager 
to get beyond the gates and into 
the Inner court, where they could have 
a glimpse of the proceedings. A long 
row of policemen kept the people in 
order, and the situation looked hope- 
less to me till I recalled Lord North- 
cllffe's inspiring suggestion that you 
could do anything If you wanted to 
hard enough, and I certainly did want 
to get into that court. So I plucked up 
courage and said to the nearest police- 
man In my very best French, "Will 
you have the kindness to take me to 
your chief?" Saluting me with solem- 
nity he led me to an officer with much 
gold braid on his hat. I smiled cor- 
dially at him and said: 

"Monsieur le Captalne, I am an Amer- 
ican and have no card of admission, 
but I want very much to see you dec- 
orate your brave soldiers. I know you 
can pass me through if you will, and 
I am going to ask you to do me that 
favor." 

"Madame," said he, "do you see that 
long line of people, each one as eager 
AS you to be admitted?" 

"Yes," said I, "but they seem to be 
all French people, and they could come 
again; but I am sailing in two days 
for the United States and this is my 
one opportunity, for when I return to 
la belle France war will be ended." 

He smiled genially and said: 

"Madame, j o'u a»g""i°i'f '•-- " m 



ing," and greatly to my delight he 
took my arm and led me not only past 
the gates but through the throng, and 
I found a splendid point of vantage in 
the front row of an open balcony. 

It was an interesting sight. The 
beautiful Cour d'Honneur, built by 
Louis XIV, with its double tier of open 
balconies, crowded with people, and in 
the open square a velvet draped table 
on which were the medals with their 
bright ribbons. Napoleon had often 
stood in this same square to decorate 
his soldiers, and today another mili- 
tary hero, the idol of the people. Gen- 
eral Joffre, also a man below middle 
stature like Napoleon, was performing 
the same gracious act. 

He was simply dressed in red trous- 
ers, blue coat and red cap; no gold lace, 
no decorations beyond the insignlas of 
his rank. 

Around the table was formed a hol- 
low square— a pitiful array of pale and 
wounded men, each standing as 
straight as possible to receive this 



honor. One side of the square was 
formed by a thin line of officers. Gen- 
eral Joffre kissed each one on both 
cheeks as he pinned on his decoration. 
Two other sides of the square were 
formed by several rows of wounded 
soldiers. To each of them General Joffre 
spoke a personal word as he pinneti on 
the medal handed him by the assisting 
General Coussin. 

One of the wounded, unable to stand 
the strain, fainted away and was lifted 
by his comrades and carried under my 
balcony, where he was revived by two 
nursing sisters, and General Jofire 
stepped from the ranks to speak a spe- 
cial word to him and decorate him, so 
I liad a good opportunity to look on this 
greatest of living French military 
heroes. 

He had a rare expression of tender- 
ness on a face that was strong and 
keen and practical; his eyes burned 
with a steady" determined light. He 
seldom smiled and spoke deliberately 
in a vibrant, low voice. 

The fourth side of the square was 
most pathetic of all; it was formed by 
the widows and orphans of tnose sol- 
diers who had died before their hei'o- 
ism could receive public recognition, 
and the Government was giving their 
medals to their wives or, if they were 
not living, to the orphans. 

I was interested in the three kinds of 
medals, the Croix de Guerre, a bronze 
raaltese cross on a green and red 
striped ribbon on which was either a 
star or a palm, the one for a citation 
for an aifny corps, and the other for 
a citation by the army for bravery. 

Medaille Militaire— Gold and silver 
medal on a yellow ribbon bordered with 
blue, for special valor or service. 

Legion d'honneur— Enameled maltese 
cross on plain red ribbon. This was the 
highest honor, and rarely given. It 
meant service of a most distinguished 
character. 

Dui-ing the decorating a military 
band played in the Court, and I was 
glad to recognize many of Sousa's 
marches. It was well we had music, 
for many were quietly weeping as they 
saw these brave fellows being deco- 
rated and realized that the crosses 
pi-nned on them were only symbolic of 
the crosses that are not visible, but 
which these wounded men must bear 
while they live. 



American War Relief Distribution in France 



War lays a heavy hand on France, 
and everyone is paying toll in service 
to the wounded or caring for the nearly 
destitute families of the soldiers whose 
small separation allowance is not 
enough for their needs, Thetv there are 
the war babies and helpless orphans, 
and the refugees from Belgium and 
Northern France, now occupied by the 
Germans, who have swarmed to Paris 
seeking shelter and food. 

Blind soldiers, who must be taught 
to work; mutilated men who must 
learn to make a living else they will 
either become human derelicts or 
commit, suicide. There are so iriany 
•'•■'iTi.= cii i-.ii. ; -i^i'hj ar.-l r'fy 



that it would be unbearable if you 
did not get a glimpse of the other 
side and become fired with enthusi- 
asm and admiration at the spirit of 
generosity, self-sacrifice and helpful- 
ness shown toward these victims of 
war. 

These works of secours of all kinds 
are legion, but there is not a single 
important one that has not felt the 
generous support of Ameri:;an money 
or the volunteer service of American 
workers and this has preserved the 
entente cordiale between us, this gen- 
erous response of America to Eu- 
rope's desperate need. No matter 
..liat ?r'ti"ism is maie of tho AmerU 



The Eagle Library— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



13 



can Government, there is nothing but 
love and cordial appreciation of what 
American citizens have done. 
. I was particularly impressed witn 
the wonderful system by which 
American contributions find the way 
to their destinations in France. 

This is done through the American 
Relief Clearing House, which has re- 
ceived and shipped thousands of 
cases, bales and packages, ranging 
from a small private donation of a 
dozen articles to great cases contain- 
ing hundreds of dozens. These goods 
are brought over from America free 
of freight charges by the French line 
to Bordeaux, the French Government 
admits them free of customs duties, 
and gives them free transport over 
all the railroads in France. The sys- 
tem of distribution is perfect. It is 
American eriiciency developed to its 
highest power. 

The office is in the beautiful build- 
ing on the Rue Francois I that used 
to be the American Embassy, and 
here is to be found the directing 
power of the whole system, J. R. 



Barbour, who in distributing these 
gifts, also sends personal letters ex- 
pressing the sympathy of the Ameri- 
can people and the honor they feel 
in being able to do a little to dis- 
charge the debt that America owes 
to France. Thus the donations are 
robbed of that hated odor of charity 
which would be so offensive to the 
sensitive spirit of the French. 

I met a young woman from Boston, 
a college girl who had devoted her 
vacation time to hospital distribution 
work. She drove her own car at 
home, so was given the work of dis- 
tributing in Paris and down through 
the Chateaux district. Another young 
woman went with her, and they were 
given a car full of supplies for hospi- 
tals en route. She said it was the 
most wonderful vacation she had 
ever spent, they were received every- 
where with the utmost cordiality by 
the French people, always were able 
to get gasoline, which is one of the 
greatest problems in France, and 
found willing hands to help in case 
of tire trouble. 



How France Disposes of Her Wounded 



There are hundreds of hospitals in 
Paris and throughout France supported 
by private bounty or by the Red Cross, 
or under direct Government control. 
• The general system of disposing of 
the wounded Is to take them direct 
from the firing line to the base hospital 
back of the trenches, where they re- 
ceive "first aid" and are ticketed with 
the nature of their wound and expe- 
dited to Paris. 

Cases needing immediate surgical 
treatment are sent to Paris hospitals, 
those that can stand the trip are re- 
distributed to hospitals along the 
coast and elsewhere in France by 
the network of railways that center 
in Paris. 

Probably the most famous Ameri- 
can hospital is the American .Ambu- 
lance at Xeuilly, just outside of Paris, 
of which Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt 
and Miss .A.ntie Morgan are prominent 
donors and sponsors, and where both 
have served as nurses. Some confu- 
sion has arisen on this side, because 
the word "ambulance" in French 
means hospital, while the vehicle they 
call a "motor-ambulance." 

I spent a most interesting afternoon 
with Mrs. George Monroe, the head 
of this institution, whose beautiful 
home in Paris was one of the social 
centers before the war. Now she is 
devoting her lite to this work. 

The American Ambulance is housed 
In the old Lycee Pasteur, an institu- 
tion belonging to the French Govern- 
ment and turned over by it to a com- 
mittee of Americans in Paris, who 
saw the immediate need of such a hos- 
pital, at the beginning of the war. The 
Viuilding was in a condition of semi- 
ruin, nothiiia but the walls, fioors and 
roof — not even windows and doors. 

With incredible speed it was re- 



paired, painted, fitted with plumbing, 
and furnished by American energy 
and money, and it now has 600 beds 
and 3 operating rooms, 85 American 
trained nurses, who are paid, and a 



corps of volunteer auxiliary nurses, 
American, English and French. The 
ambulances are run by young Ameri- 
can men who daily bring the wounded 
from the railroad station of La 
Chapelle, where all the wounded ar- 
rive from the fighting front. 

One of the drivers told me of a 
touching incident that had happened 
the day before. When he was bringing 
in his load of wounded, a convalescent 
soldier in the court yard rushed for- 
ward and the orderlies could hardly 
restrain him from embracing the man 
on the stretcher. It was his brother, 
whom he had not seen or heard of 
since the beginning of the war and 
whom he had believed dead. 

The surgical work at this hospital 
is specially fine. Many American sur- 
geons and dentists give their services 
for a short time, and in return gain 
a wonderful practical experience. 

The work in jaw building is most 
remarkable. The developments In each 
case are followed up by series of 
photographs and plaster casts. The 
greatest triumph was a man whose 
lower jaw had been completely shot 
away. A piece was taken from each 
of his shin bones to form a new jaw, 
and by a slow process of skin grafting 
a new jaw was built and made to 
grow. It had taken more than a year, 
but I saw and spoke to the young 
man, a boy of 20, and he was not at 
all a repulsive sight. He could talk 
and cat soft food and was almost 
ready to leave the hospital and take 
up his life again. 



Finding Work for Blind Soldiers 



Tlie second phase of the problem in 
France is what to do with the cripples 
when they are well enough to leave 
the hospitals. These maimed men 
must be taught to be self-supporting, 
and the re-education of the mutilated 
is as important as the care of the 
wounded. 

At the Grand Palais in the Champs 
Elysees hundred of cripples are being 
taught some trade in which they can 
use the limbs remaining to them. The 
blind soldiers, men who are doomed to 
darkness all their lives, made a special 
appeal to me. The only way to keep 
them sane is to make them useful. 

The Lighthouse for the Blind, a 
French branch of the one in New 
York, established by the New York 
Association for the Blind, of which 
Joseph Choate is the president, was 
opened in August by Miss Winifred 
Holt in Paris, with whom I took tea 
one afternoon, I was much inter- 
ested in her practical schemes for 
arousing the interest of the blind. 
There was on the edge of the desk 
near the visitor's chair a small bronze 
elephant. 

"He is one of my best friends," she 
said. "When I have a blind soldier 



brought in to me for the first time 
he. sits hopelessly in that chair, and 
it is my business to get hold of him. 
Presently, after the manner of the 
blind, his hands vaguely grope as he 
talks, and soon fall on the elephant, 
and I say, 'What are you touching?' 
In a moment he has run his hand 
along the animal and says, 'An ele- 
phant.' Then I can show hihi he need 
not despair since he can see with his 
hands." 

, , At this lighthouse the blind are 
taught many trades, machine knit- 
ting, typewriting, rug and basket 
weaving, pottery mending, piano tun- 
ing and massage. 

They discover that the only way to 
learn how to be blind is to find light 
througli work. 

I saw a touching episode at the 
"Quinze-Vingt," a semi-military hos- 
pital in the Latin Quarter for eye 
casps. 

In the entrance corridor a young 
soldier, with bandaged eyes, had just 
been told by a nursing sister that the 
operation by which he had hoped to 
regain his sight had proved unsuccess- 
ful and he would never see again. 

He received the news silently, but 



14 



The Eagle Library-WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



dropped forward in an attitude of 
deepest despair, with his hands be- 
tween his knees. 

Just at that mumont his mother and 
aunt arrived from the provinces to 
visit their wounded soldier and the 
sister at the door told them the sad 
news and led them toward the boy. 
Speechless with grief they sat down 
quietly near him. overcome by the 
eight of his suffering. 

The nurse then said to nim: 

"Your mother and aunt are here." 

"Where are they?" 

"Put out your hand and you will 
touch them." 

With the appealing gesti-re of the 
blind he gropingly foimd his mother's 
knee. With a glad cry of relief and 



Joy he threw himself on her breast 
and said: 

"O, my mother, ^•ou are all that 
remains to me." 

And I saw that mother encircle her 
boy with loving arms, set aside her 
own grief and rise with splendid self- 
control to meet the new demand upon 
her. It typified to mo the spirit of the 
women of France — that splendid 
spirit which has regenerated France 
and lifted her above the horrors of 
the mud and mutilation of the 
trenches. The spirit of the women 
who first bravely gave their men for 
the service of their country and then 
receive them broken and mangled and 
with infinite patience and love help 
them to reconstruct their lives and 
teach them to live again. 



Once in France It Is Hard to Get Out A^ain 



War-time regulations in regard to 
espionage make it just as difficult to 
leave Paris as it is to try to enter there. 
Military rules insist that you shall 
either pass directly through Paris with 
not more than twenty-tour hours stay, 
or else be detained fourteen days while 
your record and your identity are be- 
ing established. 

The French officials in London 
were courteous bnl vague. They 
shrugged their shoulders, reminded 
me that it was war time and the pri- 
vate schedules of travelers were no 
concern of the government, but final- 
ly they wrote the full circumstances 
on the back of my passport and duly 
gave it the official .stamp and seal. 

So it was with a feeling of hope that 
I applied at the steamship office in 
Paris for reservations on the Espagne. 
They would do nothing for me until I 
could show them my "Sauf Conduit" 
and permission to depart signed by 
the police. 

1 first had to go to otir consul gen- 
eral, Mr. Thackeray, and receive the 
official recognition and sanction of the 
United States, then present myself at 
the French Prefecture of Police, 
where I stood nearly three hours in 
a line in a cold, draughty stone cor- 
ridor awaiting my turn. 

The police official who took my rase 
In hand at first demanded a photo- 
graph — but my supply had been ex- 
hausted and it had not occurred to 
me that they would ask for a photo- 
graph when you left the country. 

My experience in traveling had 
made me feel that they would be so 
glad to see you go that they wouldn't 
try to retain even a picture of you. 

It was an anxious moment for me, 
and I saw that I might be detained 
until after the sailing of my boat. Just 
for the lack of an extra photograph. 
So I spurred up my somewhat lim- 
ited French to meet the occasion, and 
fcy dint of courteous persuasiveness 



I argued and entreated until I saw 
signs of capitulation on the face of 
that serious and conscientious police- 
man, who seemed to find logic in my 
statement tliat I was going back home 
and nothing could induce me to visit 
his beautiful country again until peace 
was restored and she had reinstated 
the American traveler in her affec- 
tions. 

He consented to forego the photo- 
graph and reluctantly passed me along 
to the next in line, and by a slow proc- 
ess I reached the exit and was hand- 
ed my passport with its final French 
stamp and farewell vise. 

On the day of my departure, as I 
drove up to the station Quai d'Orsay, 
I noticed a crowd quickly forming. 
From the limousine that preceded my 
humble taxi four strong porters car- 
ried a sort of sedan chair in shafts, 
and the cccupant was the divine 
Sarah. I knew her at once by her 
hair, glowing a marvelous red beneath 
her traveling toque. It was 7:45 a.m. 
and at that hour even geniuses may 
be permitted to be in a state of partial 
eclipse, but Sarah Bernhardt tran- 
scended the human frailty and was 
smilingly responsive to the farewell 
enthusiasm of her beloved Parisians. 
And somehow I was conscious of the 
warmth of her personality all the long 
eight hours during which we Jour- 
neyed on the same train to Bordeaux, 
for she. too. was sailing on the 
Espagne for New York. 

In passing through the large towns 
I noticed in the outskirts long rows 
of newly constructed sheds where 
French women were turning out mu- 
nitions for their poilus at the front. 

The little villages were almost 
empty except for a few old men or- 
wounded sold'e-s home on leava, and 
■n— 1VS the ubiquitous small boy. who 
in France wears a black cotton llnusc 
shirred on a yoke which thriftily pro- 
tects his suit. 



In the fields I saw only women and 
Austrian prisoners gathering the har- 
vest, and as we went further south 
into the grape district I saw them 
treading the grapes to make wine. . 
Husky prisoners with bare feet, and 
troustrs rolled to the thigh, were 
stamping the purple grapes which had 
been piled to the brim of huge 
wooden vats. 

Under the pressure the Juice 
pressed from the grapes ran from a 
spigot below, but a close view of this 
primitive operation was calculated to 
rob anyone of the desire to drink "vin 
ordinaire." 

It was an interesting shipload — Ma- 
dame Bernhardt. Lina Cavallen, Mme. 
Montesori, Monsier Dalmores. Herr 
Speck of the Metropolitan, and other 
celebrities — all Just as uncomfortable 
in a heavy sea as we lesser mortals, 
for old Neptune is no respector of 
persons. 

A curious disturbance arose when 
we were near enough home to send 
radiographs via Cape PLace to our 
friends announcing our arrival. Sud- 
denly, by the captain's orders, no more 
could be sent. Then it was observed 
that we had changed our course and 
were heading due south with great 
speed. 

Rumors of all kinds began to 
spread, and the anxiety was not less- 
ened by the stewardess asking us to 
try on our life-belts to be sure wa 
could adjust them, and a printed no- 
tice was slipped under the door of 
my cabin saying that in case of aban- 
donment of ship my place would be 
No. 22 in lifeboat No. !). 

I promptly went up on the top dock 
and located the boat so I could find 
it in a moment in the dark. 

Another night of darkened ship and 
then we steamed peacefully back 
north in the protection of our three- 
mile limit — we must have gone south 
as far as Baltimore before we started 
to turn inshore. 

The next morning at Quarantine we 
read in the New York papers the story 
of the U-53 and realized that our ship 
was the special prize for which she 
had been looking, since the Espagne 
was the largest merchant ship of the 
Allies due in New Y'ork at that time. 

We had been warned by wireless 
Just as we were entering the zone of 
operations, and without a sign turned 
and fled south. 

It was with a greater Joy than usual 
that I greeted the Statue of Liberty, 
which always typifies homecoming to 
me, and as we slowly pushed our way 
along the dock into our berth, and tha 
faces of the waiting crowd became the 
faces of individuals, I was over- 
whelmed with a tremendous thank- 
fulness that we are not living in the 
actual shadow of war times; that the 
sad sights on the other side have no 
counterparts over here, and I devout- 
ly hoped that we Americans might 
learn our lesson from Europe at war 
and not be called upon to sacrifice all 
we love and hold most dear in order 
to preserve our existence and the 
purity of our naUoiml ideals. 



The Eagle LIbrary-WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



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16 



The Eagle L^rary— WHAT I SAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



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1917 EAGLE ALMANAC 

OUT IN JANUARY 



WORLD WAR REVIEW 

AND 

OFFICIAL ELECTION RETURNS 

SPECIAL FEATURES- 



PRICE $1.00 



Subscription to Eagle Library, Including 
Almanac, $ 1 .50 ^|!f 



I 



y^f2J2J2ISMSfMSJSISMS/3EJ2JSr2J3J2I2fSf3JMS^^ 



statement of the ownership, oianagement. cir- 
culation, etc., required by the Act of Con;;resa 
of August '24. lOlli. of The Eagle Library, pub- 
Uphcd every moiitb at Brooklyn, N. Y.. for 
Cfctober 1st. IDIG. 

State of New York. County of Kings, ss. : 

*Before nie. a notary public in and for the State 
fltid f'ounty aforesaid, personally appeared Herbert 
F. Gunnison, who. li;iving been duly sworn ac- 
cording to law. deposes and says that he Is the 
business ni.inager of The Brooklyn Eagle Library, 
and that the following is. to the best of hU 
knowledge and belief, a true statement of the 
ownership, management, etc.. of the aforesaid 
publication for the date shown in the above 
raptlon. required by the Act of August 24. 1912, 
ejbbodled in section 443, Postal Laws and 
Regulations. 

1. That the named and addresses of the pub- 
lisher. etlUor. managing editor, and business 
mnnag'^r are : 

PublUhf-r. The Brooklyn Pally Eagle, The 
Eagle Building. Brooklvn. N. Y. 

Editor. Harry E. Shelland, The Eagle Build- 
ing. Brooklyn. N. Y, 

Business mnnaeer. Herbert F. Gnnsleon, The 
Engle Building. Brooklyn. N. T. 

JL That ihe names and addresses of ctock- 



holders holding 1 per cent, or more of the Cotal 
amount of stock are: 

William Hester. Brooklyn. N. Y. : William T. 
Hester, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Herbert F. Gunnison, 
Brooklyn. N. Y. ; William N. Dykman, Brooklyn. 
N. Y. : William Hester and William V. Hesf^r. 
trustees for Natalie Hester Cleveland, Jennie 
Hester Stewart. Arthur W. Hester, Brooklvn. 
N. Y. : Estate of St. Clair McKelway, Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. ; Brooklyn Trust Co. and Frank 
A. Keeney. executors of will Seth L. Keeney, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. : The Estate of William Zlegler, 
Manhattan. N. Y. : Seth A. Keeney. Santa Bar- 
bara, CjiI. : Los Angeles Trust and Savings Bank. 
Los Angeles, Cal ; Mrs. Angle Keeney 
Schwpgel. Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Edgar M. Cullen, 
trustee for Anna K. Tliayer and Halstead Swan, 
Brooklyn. N. Y. : Brooklyn Trust Company, trus- 
tee for the Estntp of Thomas Kinsellu. Hannah 
K, Pagelow. Klngskv Swan, and executor will 
J^rah D. Kingsley. Brooklyn. N. Y. : Susan fi. 
Brlglinm. Klncston. N. Y. ; Anna I-. O'Neil, 
Kingston. N. Y. ; Cora M. O'Neil. Kingston, N.Y. 

3, Tliat the known bondholders, naortg-igew, 
and oiHier perurlty holdrrs owning or bokllng 1 
per cent, or more of tnfal :itiiiMi'it ot botiOa. 
mortgageB or oihcr eecurltlts: NONE. 



4. That the two paragraphs next aboTe, flvlnj 
the names of the owners, stockholders, and 
security holders. If any. contain not only ths 
list of stockholders and securttj holders as they 
appear upon the books of the company, but also. 
In cases where the stockholder or security 
holder appears upon the books of the company as 
trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the 
name of the person or corporation for whom such 
trustee Is acting. Is given ; also that the said two 
paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's 
full knowledge and belief as to the rlrcumstance* 
and conditions under which stockholders and 
securltj holders who do not appear upon tho 
books of the company as trustees, hold stock and 
securities in a capacity other than that of a 
bona tide owner; and this affiant has no reason 
to l>elieve that any other person, association, or 
eorporation has an.T Interest direct or lndir<*ct 
in the said stock, bonds, or other securities thaa 
as so stoted by him. 

HERBERT F. OLNNISOV. 
Business Manager. 

8 worn to and subscribed before me this Sd da7 
of Oetober, lUlO. 

rSeal] C. R, GRIFFIN. 

Notary IVibllo, Kings County, V. Ti 
(My i:ommlBHloD expires March 30, lOlT.} 




OVER 6000 BROOKLYN WOMEN 

Have already been given Certificates of Proficiency for 
completing The Brooklyn Union Gas Co.'s course of 

FREE COOKING LESSONS 

The course comprises six lectures, a different 
one being given each day during the week 

In the Auditorium of the 

GAS DEMONSTRATION BUILDING 

180 Remsen Street 

Near Borough Hall 

At these Lectures Miss Dorothy S. Buckley and her Assistants demonstrate 

How to buy without waste. 
The proper prepzuration of foods. 
The relative nutritive value of foods. 
The economical operation of the gas range, and the 
avoidance of food shrinkage in cooking. 

To the young woman contemplating housekeeping, these lessons are of the utmost 
value, and even the experienced cook carries away with her some new idea, hint or 
recipe. 

AttendThese Free Cooking Lessons NOW 

Daily from 2 to 4 P. M. 



The Brooklyn Union Gas Company 

Domestic Science Division 
180 Remsen Street, near Borough HaJl 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



020 914 466 9 



The Peoples Trust Company 

INCORPORATED 1889 

181-183 MONTAGUE STREET, BROOKLYN 

BRANCHES AT 

NOSTRAND AVENUE. CORNER HERKIMER STREET 
CUNTON AVENUE. CORNER MYRTLE AVENUE 
FIFTH AVENUE. CORNER FIFTY-FOURTH STREET 
43 FLATBUSH AVENUE. NEAR FULTON STREET 

CAPITAL AND SURPLUS $2,600,000.00 

Member of the New York Clearing House 

DIRECTORS 

J. G. DETTMER Retired 

HORACE J. MORSE A. M. Kidder & Co. 

WILLIAM B. HILL Lawyer 

HOWARD M. SMITH President Brevoort Savings Bank 

DAVID A. BOODY Boody. McLellan & Co. 

HERBERT L. PRATT Charles Pratt & Co. 

WILLIAM C. COURTNEY Lawyer 

WILLIAM H. GOOD Lawyer 

W. EUGENE KIMBALL R. J. Kimball & Co. 

ADRIAN T. KIERNAN Lawyer 

CHARLES M. ENGLIS John Englis & Co. 

WILLIAM E. HARMON Wood. Harmon & Co. 

CHARLES A. BOODY Presidtnt of the Company 

MAX RUCKGABER. JR Schulz & Ruckgaber 

WALTER V. CRANFORD President Cranford Co. 

CHARLES E. ROBERTSON Brooklyn Lumber Co. 

JAMES H. JOURDAN President Brooklyn Union Gas Co. 

JOHN F. HILDEBRAND President Shultz Bread Co. 

IriOMAS E. MURRAY Vice President New York Edison Co. 

GEORGE W. DAVISON Vice President Central Trust Co. of N. Y. 

A.NDREW D. BAIRD President The Williamsburgh Savings Bank 

ALBERT TAG President The German-American Bank of N. Y. 

FRANCIS L. NOBLE Noble & Camp 



Firms and individuals carrying their accounts with The Peoples Trust Com 
afforded the fullest measure of co-operation and accommodation in keeping wit' 
servative principles. 



INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS 



ivitfreon- 



